There are 2 things I can think of that might cause this.
#1- If you used spline grease, sometimes when the splines meet up, the grease can cause a suction effect thus making it hard to pull the drive back out. You can take a large screw driver and place it between the outdrive and bell housing and gently pry back on the screw driver. This should provide enough leverage if it is a suction issue with the grease.
#2- The little rubber "o-ring" that seals water from the driveshaft might have slipped out of place when putting the outdrive back in. It might be wedged between the bell housing and the outdrive / driveshaft. If you did not use perfect seal on that o-ring, then it slips out of place very easy and could be your issue. In this case, I would use the screw driver and try and gently pry it loose. Since you said you could not put the outdrive all the way on, I am guessing this might be the case as that oring getting wedged in there will stop the drive from sliding all the way in.
The part I am referring to is #14 on this picture.
http://www.sterndrive.info/alpha-one/bell_housing.html
Also make sure the drive is in Forward gear and also make sure the shifter is in forward gear.